Freemasonry evolved from its origins in the operative lodges and guilds of the Middle Ages, where masons were primarily engaged in the physical construction of buildings, particularly cathedrals. These operative masons were the guardians of geometry and passed their knowledge through initiation and oral traditions. The transition to speculative masonry began in the late seventeenth century, as non-operative or 'Accepted' Masons started to be admitted into lodges, leading to a gradual shift in focus from physical craftsmanship to moral and philosophical teachings.
By the early eighteenth century, particularly with the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London in 1717, speculative masonry became more organized and distinct from its operative roots. This period saw the incorporation of esoteric symbols and philosophical concepts, influenced by prominent figures such as Dr. John Desaguliers and Sir Isaac Newton, who played significant roles in shaping the speculative aspects of the craft. The emphasis shifted towards moral and ethical teachings, with geometry and symbolism serving as tools for personal and spiritual development, rather than mere practical skills for building.
As noted in James C. Stewart's work, *Freemasonry and the Transmission of Geometry*, the transition involved the resurrection and modification of geometric symbols from the operative age, which now serve as metaphors for moral conduct and personal integrity in speculative masonry.