What is the earliest known reference to the square as a symbol and what are some of the historical symbolic meanings?
The earliest known reference to the square as a symbol can be traced back to ancient cultures, particularly in Egypt, where it represented the lower quaternary of human existence, encompassing the body, emotional nature, and lower mind. The square was used as a geometrical figure with four equal sides and right angles, symbolizing stability and order in construction and life.
Historically, the square has been associated with various symbolic meanings. In Freemasonry, it is primarily seen as a symbol of morality, rectitude of conduct, and fairness. As Carl H. Claudy notes, the square is used by stonemasons to ensure that stones are perfectly shaped for building, thus embodying the principles of good work and integrity. Furthermore, a Chinese author referenced the square in his work, *The Great Learning*, stating that acting 'on the square' is a principle of moral conduct, indicating its long-standing association with ethics and virtue.
In addition, the square is part of the Masonic tools, representing the need to regulate actions and maintain moral uprightness. It is often paired with the level and plumb-rule, which together symbolize the foundational virtues of equality and justice.